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In a March 19, 2025, interview with Fox News, Congolese President Félix Tshisekedi confirmed his government’s willingness to negotiate a security partnership with the United States in exchange for access to critical minerals.
"We are looking for partnerships and have established some with several countries. We believe that the United States, given its role and influence in the world, is an important partner for us. We are happy to see that with the Trump administration, things are moving forward at a faster pace on both sides," Tshisekedi told the network, which is reportedly close to President Trump.
The Congolese leader did not talk about potential arms shipments or the deployment of U.S. military personnel in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). However, some lobbyists representing Senator Pierre Kanda Kalambayi—Chairman of the Senate's Defense, Security and Border Protection Committee—previously addressed this request to the U.S. Secretary of State Marc Rubio.
President Tshisekedi highlighted the opportunity for sustainable U.S. investment in critical mineral extraction and processing, which he said could create jobs and foster long-term stability.
Asked about how he would guarantee the safety of American investors in his country, Tshisekedi mentioned plans to strengthen the Congolese army’s defense capabilities and expressed hope that U.S.-imposed sanctions and pressure on armed groups could help stabilize conflict zones.
Trump Sends Special Envoy to Kinshasa
A few days before President Tshisikedi’s appearance on Fox, the U.S. had sent a Special Envoy, Ronny Jackson, to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Jackson, a member of Congress, met with Tshisekedi on March 16.
Jackson came amid escalating tensions in eastern DRC, where M23 rebels, allegedly backed by Rwanda, have seized control of key cities including Goma and Bukavu.
“The DRC’s sovereignty and territorial integrity must be respected by all. We are going to work so that all obstacles on the path to peace are removed, so that peace returns to the DRC ", Jackson said during the meeting, according to DRC Presidency. "Our goal is to ensure that American companies can come, invest, and work in the DRC. And to do that, we need to make sure there's a peacefulenvironment," he added, according to the same source.
Several actors are getting involved in the talks to end the conflict in eastern DRC. Qatar, one of them, facilitated a meeting between Presidents Tshisekedi and Kagame of Rwanda on March 17.
The recent developments unfold against a backdrop of intensifying U.S.-China rivalry, with Beijing controlling nearly 80% of DRC's mines. Washington views China as an economic and geostrategic competitor in the mineral-rich African nation.
Amidst the world’s technological development and geopolitical tensions, the DRC's critical mineral resources, valued at an estimated $24 trillion by the World Bank, have attracted global attention. The country has signed preliminary agreements with various entities, including the European Union, Saudi Arabia, and Japan, potentially complicating U.S. interests in the region.
After visiting the DRC, Ronny Jackson also went to the neighboring Congo-Brazzaville where he met with President Denis Sassou Nguesso. According to the Chinese official press, Nguesso asked Jackson to mediate in the US-China trade rivalry.
This article was initially published in French by Georges Auréole Bamba
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
Kamoa-Kakula copper mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) earned $3.11 billion last year. Ivanhoe Mines, which runs the mine, disclosed the figure in a note released on February 18, 2025.
This performance was attributed to a 5% increase in net copper sales volumes and a 6% rise in the average realized price per tonne compared to the previous year. Despite higher operating costs, the mine generated $1.4 billion in added value, $1.8 billion in operating income, and $777 million in net income in 2024.
Over the same period, the mine sold 397,976 tonnes of payable copper concentrates at an average price of $4.09 per tonne. However, a discrepancy of $470 million exists between calculated sales figures and those reported by the company. Despite inquiries, Kamoa-Kakula has yet to clarify this inconsistency.
In its memo, Ivanhoe highlighted the sales structure for 2025, revealing that buyers CITIC Metal and Gold Mountains have already provided a $500 million sales advance at a fixed annual interest rate of 3.75%, plus the average one-month SOFR rate at the time of finalization. Additionally, sales may be subject to adjustments based on international market conditions.
For the DRC government, transparency in these operations is critical since declared revenues form the basis for calculating taxes and royalties. In 2024, Kamoa-Kakula reported $307.1 million in royalties, production taxes, and other levies. Income taxes for the year are expected to exceed $345 million, while the government’s 20% stake in the project will yield $155.4 million in attributable net income.
Ivanhoe Mines is an indirect shareholder of the Kamoa-Kakula mine, through Kamoa Holding which owns 80% of the project.
This article was initially published in French by Georges Auréole Bamba
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
Since the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) suspended cobalt exports on February 22, 2025, the price of cobalt hydroxide has surged by 84%, reaching $10.5 per pound, according to Fastmarkets data. Cobalt metal prices have also risen sharply, climbing over 43%. This dramatic price increase appears to validate Kinshasa’s strategy of leveraging its dominant position in the market accounting for approximately 75% of global supply to address a persistent surplus that has depressed prices for the past two years.
The suspension has disrupted supply chains, with Telf AG, the cobalt marketing agent for Eurasian Resources Group (ERG), activating force majeure clauses. ERG, the DRC’s third-largest cobalt producer after CMOC and Glencore, has warned customers it may not meet delivery commitments. This uncertainty is already rippling through the battery sector, where several Chinese manufacturers have adjusted costs and suspended some quotations.
Despite the immediate price spike, analysts remain cautious about long-term impacts. According to CRU Group, an estimated 85,000 tonnes of cobalt are stockpiled outside the DRC equivalent to six months of global consumption. These reserves could temper the price surge if the export ban is lifted and a flood of cobalt re-enters the market. To prevent such a scenario, Kinshasa is reportedly considering introducing export quotas to stabilize prices once exports resume.
The coming months will be critical in determining whether the DRC’s move is as smart as the Congolese authorities think. The global cobalt market, it is worth noting, is already marked by structural surpluses and geopolitical tensions.
This article was initially published in French by Emiliano Tossou (Ecofin Agency)
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
As the M3 rebels and their Rwandan allies keep gaining ground in the region, Alphamin Resources has temporarily halted operations at its Bisie tin mine in Walikale territory, North Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The firm announced the shutdown on March 13, 2025.
"On March 9, 2025, these groups occupied the town of Nyabiondo, the capital of the Osso-Banyungu sector, located some 110 kilometers northwest of Goma. On March 12, they continued their advance and took the locality of Kashebere, located 13 kilometers west of Nyabiondo (ed.note: and 172 kilometers from the mining site)," Alphamin Resources indicated.
Given the highly volatile context, Alphamin evacuated operational staff from the mine while retaining a small team to ensure the maintenance and security of the facilities.
The company said it hopes the coming peace talks in Angola on March 18 will be fruitful, enabling a quick resumption of operations. Meanwhile, the suspension has already sent ripples through the global tin market.
Tin prices surged following Alphamin's announcement. On the London Metal Exchange (LME), prices jumped 3.3% to $34,530 per metric ton, peaking at $34,815 the highest since July. Analysts from the International Tin Association (ITA) noted that three-month delivery prices reached nearly $36,000 per tonne, a peak not seen since June 2022.
Alphamin’s decision further strains a market already grappling with supply challenges, including difficulties at Myanmar’s Man Maw mine which barely resumed operations.
Alphamin’s Bisie tin mine is a critical player in global supply chains. Producing over 17,000 tonnes in 2024—6% of global tin output—the mine’s closure exacerbates concerns about shortages. In 2024, DRC and Myanmar accounted for 66% of China’s tin concentrate imports. The ITA highlighted that investment funds are increasingly bullish on tin prices as markets anticipate further upward pressure.
This article was initially published in French by Timothée Manoke (intern)
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
The Kamoa-Kakula mine produced 86,000 tonnes of copper in January and February 2025. Ivanhoe Mines, which runs the mine, disclosed the figure in a note released on March 3. According to the source, “based on this performance, the total output for 2025 could stand between 520,000 and 580,000 tonnes, in line with annual forecasts.”
While this cumulative production over 59 days is significant, it translates to a daily average of 1,463 tonnes. If this pace continues throughout the year, the mine could yield approximately 534,000 tonnes within the projected range but not reaching its upper limit.
However, Ivanhoe Mines reported an acceleration in production during the last week of February, achieving a daily average of 1,589 tonnes. If this rate is maintained, total output could reach around 572,563 tonnes, nearing the upper forecast limit for 2025.
Kamoa-Kakula delivered 437,061 tonnes of copper in 2024, slightly below the initial forecast of 440,000 to 490,000 tonnes. Last October, the firm scaled down its forecasts due to power supply issues.
Since the beginning of this year, reports regarding the power supply at Kamoa-Kakula have been promising. "Since the beginning of the year, operations in phases 1, 2, and 3 of the Kamoa-Kakula complex have been powered by around 100 MW of hydroelectric electricity generated locally and imported," Ivanhoe Mines stated. “This capacity meets the current energy needs for all three phases of the project,”
The imported power primarily comes from the Cahora Bassa hydroelectric dam in Mozambique and the Kariba dam in Zambia. Ivanhoe Mines noted that these dams are experiencing a gradual improvement in water levels, which should enhance energy availability as southern Africa enters its rainy season.
This article was initially published in French by Boaz Kabeya (intern)
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
For the first time in its mining history, copper exports from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) reached an impressive 3.1 million tonnes in 2024, according to a report released by the Congolese Ministry of Mines on March 6.
This marks a 13% increase from the previous year, largely driven by strong performances from the country's largest copper mines. The Chinese group CMOC, which operates the Tenke Fungurume and Kisanfu mining sites, reported a total production of 650,161 tonnes. Ivanhoe Mines, which runs the Kamoa-Kakula copper mine, achieved an annual output of 437,061 tonnes—up 12% from 2023.
This year, copper exports from the DRC could grow even more, fueled by a 3.7% increase in global demand, anticipated by Commodity Insights. Also, according to the British price analysis firm CRU Group, the DRC should produce 8% copper this year, compared to 2024. These developments solidify the DRC's position as the world's second-largest copper producer, a title it snatched from Peru in 2023. Last year, Peru’s copper output stood at 2.73 million tonnes, slumping by 0.7% year-on-year.
However, challenges persist. Congolese authorities have raised concerns that production from the Kamoa-Kakula mine is being sold at below-market prices, which could deprive the state of vital mining revenues. Moreover, the DRC must remain cautious about an economic slowdown in China—its top copper buyer—as this could impact export levels. During the first two months of 2025, imports of Congolese copper into China fell by 7.2%.
This article was initially published in French by Emiliano Tossou (Ecofin Agency)
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
The majority shareholders of the Kamoa-Kakula copper complex have committed $200 million to modernize and stabilize the power grid in the southern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). According to official documents reviewed by Bankable, the modernization project began in late 2024.
The project focuses on boosting the transmission capacity between the Inga II hydroelectric power station and Kolwezi, Lualaba province’s mining hub. Key upgrades include installing a harmonic filter at the Inga converter station and a static compensator at Kolwezi’s substation.
Additional measures involve replacing aging power cables, repairing direct current (DC) infrastructure, and establishing maintenance contracts with SNEL (Société Nationale d’Électricité), the DRC’s state-owned electricity operator. These efforts are being spearheaded by Ivanhoe Mines Energy DRC, under the financing of Kamoa Holding a joint venture between Ivanhoe Mines and Zijin Mining.
Stable power is a critical performance factor for mining operations, particularly for Kamoa-Kakula, which is ramping up its Phase 3 operations. The project plans to commission a third smelter powered primarily by renewable energy, reducing production costs while increasing refined copper output.
178 MW more incoming
However, these benefits depend on the commissioning of Inga II’s fifth turbine, which was installed in 2024 and is expected to add 178 MW of hydropower capacity. Starting in mid-2025, Kamoa-Kakula will receive an initial 70 MW of this capacity, gradually increasing to 178 MW by 2026. Until then, the mine will continue relying on imported electricity and diesel generators.
Kamoa-Kakula is not alone in addressing DRC’s energy challenges. Chinese mining giant CMOC, which operates the Tenke Fungurume and Kinsfu Mining projects, announced plans in 2024 to generate at least 600 MW of solar power to support its operations.
This article was initially published in French by Georges Auréoles Bamba
Edited by Ola Schad Akinocho
The price of cobalt oxide on the Shanghai Metals Exchange rose to €16,640 per tonne (excluding tax) on February 28, 2025, up 1.46% over five days. The dynamic, reviewed by Bankable, was also observed on the London Metal Exchange, where April 2026 cobalt oxide contracts climbed 5%, trading at $22,246.19 per tonne, up from the current $21,153.
This surge follows the Democratic Republic of Congo's (DRC) announcement on February 22 of a four-month suspension of cobalt exports, a move aimed at addressing oversupply and stabilizing prices.
The DRC, which supplies 75% of the world’s cobalt oxide, has triggered market uncertainty with this decision, as buyers anticipate tighter supply amid growing demand. Analysts at the Shanghai Metals Exchange attribute the price acceleration to reactions from cobalt processing industries, which temporarily halted refined cobalt bids to assess raw ore availability. S&P Global had already forecasted a reduction in surplus cobalt stocks for 2025, but the Congolese export suspension has amplified this upward price correction.
No Supply Deficit before 2030?
The recent suspension is part of broader efforts by the Congolese Regulator of Strategic Minerals Markets, ARECOMS, to influence global supply-demand dynamics. The watchdog plans to assess the measure’s impact in three months to determine whether to maintain, adjust, or lift it. Meanwhile, observers anticipate the reaction of major producers like China’s CMOC, whose investments in the Kisanfu mine have contributed significantly to the global oversupply of copper.
The DRC earns a lot from selling its minerals and taxes and royalties from its mining assets. Therefore, higher cobalt prices are critical for meeting the country’s budgetary revenue targets and financing development ambitions.
However, at the end of 2024, some observers had projected that it would take some time for prices to rise sustainably. They said there should be no supply deficit before 2030. Last December, Joel Crane of S&P Global, predicted that while electric vehicle demand will drive an 11% annual increase in cobalt consumption through 2030, supply growth will lag at just 4% annually due to limited new exploration projects in the DRC. “Although the DRC has added 60,000 tonnes of cobalt since 2022, its contribution is expected to gradually decline,” Crane noted. Nick Burroughs, Sales Director at Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, shares this view.
EGC Steps Up
While the impact of the recent forecasts on prices in the market for direct cobalt purchases, especially artisanal mining, this sector could face supply chain-related challenges. Artisanal mining contributes 15-30% of the DRC’s cobalt production.
According to several media outlets, the ARECOMS has recently clarified that even after the export suspension is lifted, artisanal cobalt can only be sold to Entreprise Générale de Cobalt (EGC), a state-owned subsidiary of Gécamines. With this in mind, EGC’s managing director Éric Kalala, quoted by Bloomberg, said the firm plans to purchase artisanal cobalt during the suspension to support miners and strengthen EGC’s role as an exclusive buyer. At the same time, the state-owned entity is committed to fostering a fairer supply chain while boosting its revenues. However, questions remain about whether EGC has the resources and capacity to manage these operations effectively in a market that demands immediacy. Indeed, artisanal miners often want to quickly sell and regularly request advances to finance their activities.
This article was initially published in French by Georges Auréole Bamba
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
On February 24, 2025, Ivanhoe Mines announced a $50 million investment in exploration activities at its Western Forelands copper project in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This is about two-thirds of the company's total exploration budget of $75 million for 2025.
This year, Ivanhoe plans to implement an ambitious program that includes 102,000 meters of diamond drilling and 18,000 meters of reverse circulation drilling at Western Forelands. The project will build on last year’s progress, including the expansion of the mineralized zone of the Makoko deposit and the discovery of the Makoko West zone.
The company is also set to update its mineral resource estimate for Makoko in the second quarter of 2025. This update should include initial resource estimates for Makoko West and Kitoko, a high-grade copper zone discovered in 2023.
The first estimate for the deposits that currently comprise Western Forelands Kiala and Makoko revealed that the project contains 21 million tonnes of indicated mineral resources with a copper grade exceeding 3%. Encouraging drilling results position Ivanhoe Mines to potentially develop its second copper mine in the DRC. A few kilometers away, Ivanhoe operates Kamoa-Kakula, the country’s largest copper mine.
While 2025 could be a pivotal year for Western Forelands, significant challenges remain before construction begins. Among others, Ivanhoe must confirm the project's mineral resources and conduct comprehensive studies to assess its economic viability. Only after these steps will the company consider raising funds for eventual mine development.
The positive outlook for copper demand and prices may help attract investors as Ivanhoe advances its exploration efforts in this promising region.
This article was initially published in French by Emiliano Tossou
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
Mining companies invested $130.7 million in exploration activities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 2024. S&P Global Market Intelligence disclosed the figure in a report issued on February 21, 2025. Over the year reviewed, $1.3 billion was invested in Africa, and the DRC was the leader in mining exploration investment.
The investments in the DRC were predominantly focused on copper, with $71.5 million allocated to this sector. This strong performance propelled the DRC to ninth place globally, just ahead of Zambia, Africa's second-largest copper producer, which attracted $65.5 million in 2024.
In the cobalt sector, exploration spending in the DRC reached $8.3 million, securing the country's position as the second-largest recipient of cobalt exploration funding worldwide, behind Australia, which received $15.2 million.
The report does not provide the amount invested in gold, coltan, tin, and zinc, despite the country having significant reserves. The DR Congo hosts one of the largest gold mines in Africa, the Kibali mine.
The DRC's dominance in copper and cobalt exploration is likely driven by its vast mineral reserves. The country holds approximately 50% of the world's cobalt reserves and accounts for over 70% of global cobalt production. It is also the world's second-largest copper producer, responsible for 65% of newly announced copper reserves globally in 2023. Both metals are crucial for the energy transition, with copper demand projected to reach 50 million tonnes by 2050, up from 32 million tonnes now.
Chinese companies currently dominate the mining sector in the DRC, in the copper and cobalt sub-sectors especially. They control about 80% of the country's mines. To change this dynamic, Kinshasa has been seeking new partnerships with countries like Saudi Arabia and the United States.
This article was initially published in French by Emiliano Tossou
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
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On February 24, 2025, the European Union's Foreign Affairs Council announced a review of its Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Rwanda on strategic minerals, signed in February 2024. This decision, communicated by EU High Representative Kaja Kallas, is part of broader efforts to pressure Rwanda to respect the territorial integrity of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
"Consultations on defense issues with Rwanda have been suspended. There is also a political decision to apply sanctions, depending on developments on the ground. We have asked Rwanda to withdraw its troops from DRC territory. Finally, the memorandum of understanding with Rwanda on critical raw materials will be re-examined," said Kallas, Vice-President of the European Commission.
The move follows a surge in violence in eastern DRC, where M23 rebels and Rwandan troops have been advancing since January, occupying key cities like Goma and Bukavu. On February 24, Congolese Prime Minister Judith Suminwa Tuluka reported that the conflict has claimed over 7,000 lives since the start of the year.
Supply Chains Contaminated
The EU-Rwanda MoU aims to “foster sustainable and resilient value chains for critical raw materials”, and secure the EU’s supply of strategic minerals such as coltan, essential for sustainable development and the energy transition. It also highlights both parties’ commitment to promoting responsible mining practices and building local capacity in Rwanda.
However, UN experts have revealed that Rwanda is mixing minerals from M23-controlled areas with its resources, leading to “the largest contamination of mineral supply chains in the Great Lakes region.” The DR Congo government has criticized this partnership, arguing it facilitates Rwanda’s plundering of Congolese resources.
On February 12, 2025, the DRC declared all mining sites in the Masisi and Kalehe territories "red," prohibiting exploitation in coltan and tin ore areas. The measure concerns 38 mining concessions, notably in the Rubaya and Nyabibwe sectors, rich in coltan and cassiterite (tin ore).
According to data gathered by the Ecofin Agency, Rwanda's coltan exports surpassed those of the DRC in 2023, with Rwanda exporting 2,070 tonnes, a 50% increase, compared to the DRC's 1,918 tonnes.
This article was initially published in French by Ronsard Luabeya (intern)
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
The projected value of measured copper and copper reserves of the Mutanda mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is $72 billion. Glencore, the Anglo-Swiss multinational commodity trading and mining company, recently disclosed the estimate in its 2024 reserves and resources report.
Based on estimated potential, mineral deposits fall under three classifications: measured reserves, which offer high reliability; indicated reserves, which are reliable but require further confirmation; and inferred reserves, which are less certain.
According to Glencore's latest report, Mutanda boasts measured reserves of 197 million tonnes of ore with a copper grade of 1.94%, yielding a total of 3.8 million tonnes of copper. The cobalt grade in this category is 0.61%, translating to approximately 1.2 million tonnes. By applying the market value of mineral contracts deliverable in one year (February 2026) to these measured reserves, Glencore estimates $41 billion for copper and $31 billion for cobalt, totaling $72 billion.
These projections could change, based on factors like actual resource extraction, complex financial modeling, and the terms of sales contracts over time.
The Mutanda mine is 40 km from Kolwezi, the capital city of Lualaba Province in the southern part of the DRC. Glencore owns 95% of the asset, against 70% of the Kamoto project. The Anglo-Swiss firm has secured two permits valid until 2037 for Mutanda, with the mine's lifespan potentially extending to 20 years pending further investment.
In contrast, the latest report from Kamoto does not mention measured resources but reveals indicated resources that still require further study estimated at 10.4 million tonnes of copper and 1.5 million tonnes of cobalt suggesting a potential mining life of around 15 years.
The figures could spark local stakeholders’ interest, including the Congolese government, which collects taxes and royalties on industrial mines. After smelling opportunity, subcontractors and suppliers linked to Glencore's regional operations could also flock to the project.
This article was initially published in French by Georges Auréole Bamba
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) exported 6,642 tons of zinc between January and September 2024. Over the same period the year before, the country had exported 10.336 tons or 35.74% more, according to the Ministry of Mines.
So far, Congolese authorities have not officially explained what drove the drop. However, the trend could reverse this year, spurred by the ramp-up of the Kipushi mine, operated by Ivanhoe Mines.
Commissioned in July 2024, Kipushi delivered 50,307 tonnes of zinc concentrate during the year, achieving a monthly record of 14,900 tonnes in December, though still shy of its maximum capacity.
The outlook for 2025 is more optimistic. This year, Ivanhoe Mines expects the asset to produce between 180,000 and 240,000 tonnes of zinc concentrate. The burst should significantly boost the DRC’s exports and bolster its mining revenues.
This article was initially published in French by Olivier de Souza
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho
Mining sites in Masisi and Kalehe, respectively in North and South Kivu, have been classified as "red" zones, according to an order signed by Mines Minister Kizito Pakabomba on February 12, 2025. This designation affects 38 mining concessions, particularly in the Rubaya and Nyabibwe sectors, where coltan and tin ore (cassiterite) are extracted.
"The exploitation and illicit trade in minerals organized by the aggressors establish an illegal supply chain," Pakabomba stated. "Considering that these illegal supply chains constitute the main source of financing for this war of aggression, it is necessary for the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo to reconsider the status of certain miners."
Through the move, the Congolese government likely hopes to cut off funding sources for the M23 rebels and their Rwandan supporters. The new decree forbids mining in these "red" zones. This means minerals mined in these areas can no longer be sold legally.
The "red" designation will remain in effect for six months, during which the affected sites may undergo independent audits initiated by the Ministry of Mines or international organizations such as the UN or OECD.
M3 Rebels Gain Territory
Since M3 rebels and their Rwandan allies launched their assault in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) on January 23, the Congolese side has reported over 3,000 casualties (and as many injured). The rebels already took over Goma and Bukavu, the respective capitals of North and South Kivu.
Last December, the United Nations (UN) published a report revealing that M23 rebels have been controlling the DRC’s Rubaya mine since late April 2024. The mine is "the largest coltan mine in the Great Lakes region," accounting for approximately 15% of global coltan production.
According to the UN report, at least 150 tons of coltan were smuggled each month from Rubaya to Rwanda, where it is mixed with local production, “leading to the most significant contamination of mineral supply chains across the Great Lakes region”.
This article was initially published in French by Emiliano Tossou
Edited in English by Ola Schad Akinocho